Hanif Esmaeili; Morteza Almassi; Mohammad Ghahderijani
Abstract
The increasing trend of agricultural waste, considering population growth and increased agricultural production, has become a serious challenge for many countries. In order to avoid unsustainable changes in the consumption pattern of these resources, it is essential to employ proper planning and suitable ...
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The increasing trend of agricultural waste, considering population growth and increased agricultural production, has become a serious challenge for many countries. In order to avoid unsustainable changes in the consumption pattern of these resources, it is essential to employ proper planning and suitable strategies to prevent long-term damages. To address this issue, this research has prioritized various strategies for energy production from agricultural waste using SWOT analysis. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) algorithm has been utilized to quantify the weights and effects of the strategic factors, considering their interdependencies. The best strategy selection has formed the four-level network of primary and secondary factors in the SWOT matrix and proposed strategies. The algorithm's results indicate that the strength factor holds the highest weight of 0.698, followed by the threat factor with a weight of 0.632 in the second rank, while the weaknesses and opportunities have weights of 0.263 and 0.180, respectively, in subsequent ranks. Furthermore, the evaluation of weight coefficients for the ten proposed strategies reveals that the strategy of developing the cultural infrastructure for bioenergy has the highest weight of 0.1356, followed by the mechanized harvesting of agricultural waste with a weight of 0.1188 in the second rank, and the development of bioenergy exports with a weight of 0.1095 in the third rank.
Samane Torabi; S. R. Hasanbeigi; Behzad Sattari; Barat Ghobadian
Abstract
Bread waste is the common part of food biomass in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of saccharification time and also substrate concentration on the amount of glucose as well as bioethanol obtained from bread wastes folowing hydrolysis processing. The bread wastes were crushed ...
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Bread waste is the common part of food biomass in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of saccharification time and also substrate concentration on the amount of glucose as well as bioethanol obtained from bread wastes folowing hydrolysis processing. The bread wastes were crushed to small parts and then mixed with water at ratio of 10-15 (w/v%). Alpha-amylase and glucoamylase enzymes were used for liquefaction and saccharification, respectively. The effects of saccharification time and substrate loading parameters on the amount of glucose were investigated by using response surface methodology (central composite design) with Design Expert software. The glucose-derived from hydrolysis processing was measured by glucose kit. Aflatoxin contents of the bread wastes (as control sample) and optimum sample obtained from the hydrolysis processing (sample with the maximum glucose) were measured. Fermentation processing was carried out by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. The results showed that the highest amount of glucose (100.21 g/l) in enzymatic hydrolysis was obtained at the saccharification time of 48 h and substrate loading of 150 g/l. The hydrolysis processing at the higher concentrations and longer duration, due to high viscosity and adhesion, reduced the concentration of glucose, so high concentration did not have any favorable effect on the hydrolysis processing. The hydrolysis processing reduced Aflatoxin B1 and B2 at a ratio of 76% and 16%, respectively. The greatest amount of bio-ethanol in the fermentation phase (45.35 g/l) was obtained at 36 hours with efficiency of 88.7%. It could be related to the consumption of glucose produced in the hydrolysis phase due to proper growth of the cell mass during fermentation phase in this duration. The recommended time for the fermentation processing is 36 hours.
R. Rahimi; M. H. Kianmehr; S. Reza Hassan-Beigi; Payam Zarafshan
Abstract
One of the methods of using livestock exhaust is compressing and pelletting it, which causes facilitation of transportation, reduction of odor and gradual release of nitrogen. For manure pelleting, extruder and disk pelleting are used. Since the stones existing materials in the stored manure cause damage ...
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One of the methods of using livestock exhaust is compressing and pelletting it, which causes facilitation of transportation, reduction of odor and gradual release of nitrogen. For manure pelleting, extruder and disk pelleting are used. Since the stones existing materials in the stored manure cause damage to the pelletting apparatus, so the removal of the stone from the manure before the processing is necessary. In this research, with the aim of separation the rock from the manure, a gravity separator was designed and fabricated. The performance of the device was evaluated by changing the three slope parameters of the material separator plates, manure moisture content and the size of the stone and manure dimensions The changed level was for 10, 15 and 20 ° slopes of separators, 10, 30 and 50% of the moisture content of manure, and for the particle size of less than 10, 10 to 20 and 20 to 50 mm. The maximum device separation efficiency of the stone from the manure was 76.81% at 10 ° slope, 50% moisture content and a particle size less than 10 mm.
